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Bonds are debt securities issued by governments, municipalities, or corporations to raise capital. When you purchase a bond, you are lending money to the issuer in exchange for periodic interest payments and the return of the bond's face value when it matures.

When you buy a bond, you are lending money to the issuer (government, corporation, etc.) for a specified period. In return, the issuer pays you regular interest (coupon payments) and repays the bond's face value (principal) at maturity.

There are several types of bonds, including government bonds, corporate bonds, municipal bonds, and inflation-linked bonds. Each type has different risk levels, tax implications, and interest rates.

Bond prices and interest rates have an inverse relationship. When interest rates rise, bond prices fall, and when interest rates fall, bond prices rise. This is because new bonds are issued with higher or lower yields, affecting the attractiveness of existing bonds.

The maturity date is the date on which the bond’s principal (face value) is repaid to the investor. It marks the end of the bond’s term.

The coupon rate is the annual interest rate paid on the bond’s face value. It is expressed as a percentage and paid at regular intervals.

The face value (or par value) is the amount the bond will be worth at maturity. The market value is the current price at which the bond can be bought or sold in the market, which can fluctuate based on interest rates and other factors.

Bonds carry various risks, including interest rate risk, credit risk, inflation risk, and liquidity risk. Interest rate risk arises from fluctuations in interest rates, while credit risk is the possibility of the issuer defaulting on payments.

The yield is the return you earn on a bond. It can be expressed as the coupon yield (based on the bond's face value) or the current yield (based on the bond's current market price).

Bonds are rated by credit rating agencies (such as Moody’s, S&P, and Fitch) based on the issuer’s creditworthiness. Ratings range from AAA (high credit quality) to D (in default).

Yes, bonds can be sold before maturity in the secondary market. The price you receive may be higher or lower than the bond’s face value, depending on current interest rates and market conditions.

The main difference is that listed bonds are traded on public exchanges, providing greater liquidity and transparency, while unlisted bonds are sold privately and may offer higher yields but with less liquidity and transparency.

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To determine the right bonds for you, consider your investment goals, risk tolerance, time horizon, and need for income. Consulting with a financial advisor can also help tailor your bond investments to your specific needs.

Zero-coupon bonds do not pay periodic interest. Instead, they are sold at a discount to their face value and mature at par, with the difference representing the interest earned. These bonds are suitable for investors who do not need regular income but want a lump sum at maturity.